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### (4 points)5. Series 26. Year - 5. old man Вова

On the first day of winter old man Вова wanted to turn on his heater with input power 2 kW but found out that it was not working. Luckily, he realized that there was plenty of heat producing plutonium 237 in the warehouse where he was working. How much plutonium should he bring home in order to replace his old heater? You can assume that the plutonium is almost pure and that Вова has a lot of lead containers that can absorb all the energy radiating from the plutonium.

Lukas sent Marek to Siberia.

### 5. Series 24. Year - 4. green revolution

In 2000 a new nuclear waste repository was built. The first waste arrived and the government decided that every year the amount of newly delivered waste must be reduced by five percent. Assume for simplicity that the half-life of nuclear waste is 100 years (in reality it is much longer). Find out what year are the people in nearby villages going to receive the highest amount of radiation.

Mára S.

### 6. Series 23. Year - 3. atomic capacitor

Luke has bought a Uranium atom and started to take away its electrons just for fun. After taking the $n-th$ one he surprisingly discovered that the mass of the atom had increased. What has inflicted this phenomena? Determine the value of $n$.

### 6. Series 23. Year - 4. subcritical semispheres

After Luke got bored with the ionization, he ordered more of the Uranium. The two perfect semi-spheres were delivered. Each semi-sphere has the mass $m$ ($m_{k}⁄2&ltm&ltm_{k}$, where $m_{k}$ is the critical mass). Luke has placed their flat sides opposite each other which started to bring them nearer. Calculate the distance $d$ at which the experiment was interrupted by the ignition of the chain reaction.

### 5. Series 21. Year - S. sequence, hot orifice and white dwarf

• Derive Taylor expansion of exponential and for $x=1$ graphically show sequence of partial sums of series \sum_{$k=1}^{∞}1⁄k!$ with series { ( 1 − 1 ⁄ $n)^{n}}_{n=1,2,\ldots}$.

Using the same method compare series { ( 1 − 1 ⁄ $n)^{n}}_{n=1,2,\ldots}$ and series of partial sums of series \sum_{$k=1}^{∞}x^{k}⁄k!$, therefore series {\sum_{$k=1}^{n}x^{k}⁄k!}_{n=1,2,\ldots}$, now for $x=-1$.

• The second task is to find concentration of electrons and positrons on temperature with total charge $Q=0$ in empty and closed cavity (you can choose value of $Q.)$ Further calculate dependence of ration of internal energy $U_{e}$ of electrons and positrons to the total internal energy of the system $U$ (e.g. the sum of energy of electromagnetic radiation and particles) on temperature and find value of temperature related to some prominent temperature and ratios (e.g. 3 ⁄ 4, 1 ⁄ 2, 1 ⁄ 4, …; can this ratio be of all values?).

Put your results into a graph – you can try also in 3-dimensions.

To get the calculation simplified, it could help to take some unit-less entity (e.g. $βE_{0}$ instead of $β$ etc.).

• Solve the system of differential equations for $M(r)$ and $ρ(r)$ in model of white dwarf for several well chosen values of $ρ(0)$ and for every value find the value which it get close $M(r)$ at

$r→∞$. This is probably equal to the mass of the whole star. Try to find the dependence of total weight on $ρ(0)$ and find its upper limit. Compare the result with the upper limit of mass for white dwarf (you will find it in literature or internet). Assume, that the star consists from helium.

Zadali autoři seriálu Marek Pechal a Lukáš Stříteský.

### 4. Series 21. Year - S. quantum harmonic oscillator

Calculate time dependence of wave function of particle, which is located in potential $V(x)=\frac{1}{2}kx$ and which is at time $τ=0$ described by wave function

$ψ_{R}(X,0)=\exp(-((X-X_{0}))⁄4)$,

ψ$_{I}(X,0)=0$.

It is wave packet with the center not in the origin. We can tell you, that this is so called coherent stat of harmonic oscillator and wave packet should oscillate around origin with angular frequency √( $k⁄m)$ same as classical particle.

If you can calculate the previous, then you can try what will be the behaviour of wave packet of different width (e.g. denominator in exponential is different from 4) of how the behaviour will look like with different potential.

Zadal autor seriálu Marek Pechal.

### 2. Series 21. Year - S. cutting of wild plains

<h3>Uranium storage</h3>

Very important question is storing of radioactive waste. Usually it is stored in cylindrical containers immersed in water, which keeps the surface at constant temperature 20 °C. Your task is to find the temperature distribution inside containers of square base of edge length 20 cm. Container is relatively long, therefore just temperature distribution in horizontal cross section is of interest. Uranium will be in block of square base of edge 5 cm. From the experience with cylindrical capsules we know, that it will have constant temperature of about 200 °C.

<h3>Heating wire</h3>

Lets have a long wire of circular cross section and radius $r$ from a material of heat conductivity $λ$ and specific conductivity $σ$. Then a electric field is applied. Lets the electric field inside the wire is constant and parallel with the axis of the wire and the strength is $E$. Then the current through wire will be $j=σE$ and will create Joule's heat with volume wattage $p=σE$.

Because the material of the wire has non-zero temperature conductivity, some equilibrium gradient of temperature will form. The gradient fulfills Poisson's equation $λΔT=-p$. Assume, that the end of wire is kept at temperature $T_{0}$. This gives a border condition needed to solve the equation. Due to symmetry we can take into account only two dimensions: on cross section of wire (temperature will be independent of shift along the axis of symmetry). Now it is easy to solve the problem with methods described in text.

However, we will make our situation little bit more complex and will assume, that specific electrical conductivity $σ$ is function of temperature. So we will have a equation of type Δ$T=f(T)$.

Try to solve this equation numerically and solve it for some dependency of conductivity on temperature (find it on internet, in literature of just pick some nice function) and found temperature profile in wire profile. Try to change intensity of electric field $E$ and plot volt-amper characteristics, you can try more than one temperature dependency. $σ(T)$ (e.g. semiconductor which conductivity increase with temperature, or metal, where conductivity is decreasing) etc.

Do not limit your borders, we would be glad for any good idea.

<h3>Capacity of a cube</h3>

Calculate capacity of ideally conductive cube of edge length 2$a$ (2Ax2Ax2A). If you think, it is simple, try to calculate for cuboid (AxBxC) or other geometrical shapes.

Hint: Capacity is a ration of the charge on the cube to the potential on the surface of cube (assuming that the potential in infinity is zero). Problem can be solved by selecting arbitrary potential of cube and solving Laplace equation Δ$φ=0$ outside of the cube and calculating total charge in cube using Gauss law. E.g. calculating intensity of electrical field and derivating potential and calculation of flow through nicely selected surface around the cube.

Final solution is finding a physical model, its numerical solution and realization on computer. More points you will get for deeper physical analysis and detailed commentar. For algorithm you can also get extra points.

Zadal spoluautor seriálu Lukáš Stříteský.

### 4. Series 20. Year - 3. finishing of Temelin (nuclear power station)

Estimate thickness of water needed to shield radiation from nuclear reactor of power 980 MW in proposed new block of nuclear power station Temelin. The total energy released by fission from Uranium is split following: 82% goes to kinetic energy of fragments, 6% goes to neutrinos, 6% goes to neutrons and remaining 6% goes to energy of gamma photons.

Hint: Probability of particle passing through a material into the depth $d$ is probably equal to e^{$-σnd}$, where $n=N/V$ is density of molecules of material (in our case number of water molecules in 1 m3 ) and $σ$ is effective cross section for absorption of particle on molecule of water. Unit of cross section is surface, therefore m^{2} but often is used unit barn = 100 fm2) and depends on energy of particles. The values of cross section can be found on Internets or in tables.

Úloha řešil Karel Tůma na zkoušce z jaderné fyziky.

### 5. Series 19. Year - 4. natural nuclear reactor

The typical composition of natural uranium is 0.72 % of isotope ^{235}U of halftime of 704 million years and the rest is isotope ^{238}U with half life of 4 468 million years.

While mining uranium in 1970's in Okla in equatorial Gabon, the uranium ore with relative content of isotope ^{235}U 0.44 % . This discrepancy can be explained by assuming existence of 'natural nuclear reactor' at the uranium deposits million years ago.

Calculate, how long the nuclear reaction was going on if the decay of ^{235}U was started by slow neutrons. The collision of slow neutron with the nucleus happens every 352 thousand years.

Úloha ze zápočtové písemky z jaderné fyziky.

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