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Measure the dependence of the diameter of a crater, created by the impact of a stone into a suitable sandpit, on the weight of the stone and the height it is released from. Does the size of the crater depend only on the energy of the impact? Dry sand is recommended for this measurement.

Let us begin this year's serial with analysis of several mechanical oscillators. We will focus on the frequency of their simple harmonic motion. We will also revise what does an oscillator look like in the phase space.

1. Assume that we have a hollow cone of negligible mass with a stone of mass $M$ located in its vertex. We will plunge it into water (of density $\rho $) so that the vertex points downwards and the cone will float on the water surface. Find the waterline depth $h$, measured from the vertex to the water surface, if the total height of the cone is $H$ and its radius is $R$. Find the angular frequency of small vertical oscillation of the cone.
2. Let us imagine a weight of mass $m$ attached to a spring of negligible mass, spring constant $k$ and free length $L$. If we attach the spring by its second end, we will get an oscillator. Find the angular frequency of its simple harmonic motion, assuming that the length of the spring does not change during the motion. Subsequently, find a small difference in angular frequency $\Delta \omega $ between this oscillator and the one in which the spring is substituted by a stiff rod of the same length. Assume $k L \gg m g$.
3. A sugar cube with mass $m$ is located in a landscape consisting of periodically repeating parabolas of height $H$ and width $L$. Describe its potential energy as a function of horizontal coordinate and outline possible trajectories of its motion in phase space, depending on the velocity $v_0$ of the cube on the top of the parabola. Mark all important distances. Use horizontal coordinate as displacement and appropriate units of horizontal momentum. Neglect kinetic energy of cube motion in the vertical direction and assume it remains in contact with the terrain.

What weight can be hung on the end of a coat hanger without turning it over? The hanger is made of a hook from very light wire, which is attached to the centre of the straight wooden rod, which length is $l = 30 \mathrm{cm}$ and weight $m=200 \mathrm{g}$. The hook has the shape or circular arc with radius $r=2,5 \mathrm{cm}$ and angular spread $\theta =240 \mathrm{\dg }$. The distance between the centre of the arc and the rod is $h=5 \mathrm{cm}$. Neglect every friction.

There is a freight train standing on a $300 \mathrm{m}$ long bridge. The mass of the train is evenly distributed onto area of all nine steel pillars of the bridge. Every pillar has a base in a shape of a square with a side $a = 2,0 \mathrm{m}$ and a height $h=10 \mathrm{m}$. How much do the steel pillars shrink under the weight of the train? Young modulus of steel is $E = 200 \mathrm{GPa}$. Overall mass of the train is $m = 574 \mathrm{t}$.

Jachym wants to pickle cabbage at home, so he buys a cylindrical barrel. He carries it from the shop to the home using underground. We can consider the barrel and its lid as a hollow cylinder with outer dimensions: radius $r$, height $h$ and width of the walls, the base, and the lid is $t$. The barrel is made of a material with density $\rho $. What is the maximum acceleration that the underground can go with, so the free standing barrel does not move in respect to the underground? Coefficient of friction between underground's floor and the barrel is $f$.

We are sorry. This type of task is not translated to English.

Consider an astronaut of weight $M$ remaining still (with respect to a space station) in zero-g state, holding a heavy tool of weight $m$. The distance between the astronaut and the wall of the space station is $l$. Suddenly, he decides to throw the tool against the wall. Find his distance from the wall when the tool hits it.

Planes at high flight levels are controlled using the Mach number. This unit describes velocity as a multiple of the speed of sound in the given environment. However, the speed of sound changes with height. What is the difference in the speed of a plane, flying at Mach number $0{,}85$, at two different flight levels FL 250 ($7\;600 \mathrm{m}$) and FL 430 ($13\;100 \mathrm{m}$)? At which flight level is the speed higher and by how much (in $\jd {kph}$)? The speed of sound is given by $c =\(331{,}57+0{,}607\left \lbrace t \right \rbrace \) \jd {m.s^{-1}}$, where $t$ is temperature in degrees Celsius. Assume a standard atmosphere, where temperature decreases with height from $15 \mathrm{\C }$ by $0,65 \mathrm{\C }$ per $100 \mathrm{m}$ (for heights between $0$ and $11 \mathrm{km}$) till $-56{,}5 \mathrm{\C }$, and then remains constant till $20 \mathrm{km}$ above mean sea level.

Jachym is located in a two dimensional Cartesian system at a point $J = (-2a, 0)$. As fast as possible, he wants to get to a point $T = (2a, 0)$, which is located (luckily) in the same system. Jachym moves exclusively with velocity $v$. This is not so easy, because there is a moving strip in the shape of a line passing through points $(-3a, 0)$ and $(0, a)$. On the moving strip, Jachym is moving with total velocity $kv$. For what minimum $k \ge 1$ is it profitable for Jachym to get on the moving strip?

Ladybird moves with velocity $4 \mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$. When we place the ladybird onto a rubber, she comes through it in $10 \mathrm{s}$. What happens when the ladybird starts moving and we start prolonging the rubber the way that its length will be increasing with velocity $5 \mathrm{cm\cdot s^{-1}}$? Is the ladybird able to come through the whole rubber to its end? If yes, how long will it take? Consider that the rubber prolongs uniformly and never breaks.